2021 / Joshua Hollands

Work and Sexuality in the Sunbelt: Homophobic Workplace Discrimination in the U.S. South and Southwest, 1970 to the Present

In 2016, PayPal, a multinational financial services company canceled an expansion into North Carolina worth millions of dollars and with hundreds of jobs. The cancellation was in response to the state legislature’s passage of a transphobic law. The Public and Facilities Privacy and Security Act restricted transgender and nonbinary individuals from using public restrooms consistent with their gender identity. The act also overturned broader local nondiscrimination ordinances.1 PayPal’s corporate activism in support of the rights of sexual minorities and gender nonconformists reflected a half-century of activism by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activists who demanded workplace rights and benefits through their employer when cities and states refused to provide nondiscrimination protections. The majority of LGBT people had no federal protection against discrimination in employment until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled sexual orientation and gender identity are protected characteristics under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964) in June 2020.2 Even after the achievement of same-sex marriage in 2015, few southern states provided workplace protections for sexual minorities. Workers across the South and Southwest could therefore be married to someone of the same sex but be fired by their homophobic boss for being gay.


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